Chapter Eight
نویسندگان
چکیده
In the present chapter we shall deal with the birth of the theory of Gestalt, and particularly with the essay “On ‘Gestalt Qualities’” by Christian von Ehrenfels, published in 1890. It will become clear in the course of this chapter that the Gestalt psychologists of the Berlin school, above all Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler and Kurt Koffka, were part of a wider Gestalt tradition whose roots lie in developments in Austrian philosophy in the last part of the nineteenth century. Ehrenfels was born in Rodaun (near Vienna) in 1859 and died in Lichtenau in 1932. He studied in Vienna under Brentano and Meinong, and was Professor in the German University in Prague from 1896 to 1929, where he continued to teach until his death in 1932. His circle of friends, students and acquaintances during this time included a number of important writers and thinkers, among them T. G. Masaryk, Max Brod and Felix Weltsch, as well as the economist Friedrich von Wieser and linguists of the Prague circle such as Nikolai Trubetzkoy. Ehrenfels figures, too, in Kafka’s diaries, for example in an entry for 1912:
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